ben m
Joined: 15 Sep 2002
Posts: 344
Location: UK |
| Week 9 - Sequencers |
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Hi everyone,
sorry i couldn't make the workshop yesterday evening.
I'll be going throught the MIDI answers tomorrow (tue)
Sequencers this week:
01-What is a MIDI sequencer?
02-What are the advantages of hardware sequencers?
03-What are the advantages of software sequencers?
04-What is a piano roll editor?
05-What is a 'drum map'?
06-What is usually seen in the 'arrange' window?
07-What are Tempo/Meter maps?
08-What is the purpose of quantizing?
09-What is Groove Quantizing and how does it work?
10-Explain Note On quantizing.
11-Explain Over Quantizing.
12-Explain Iterative Quantizing.
13-What do quantize values such as 4,32,16T etc represent?
14-What is the score editor and how does it display musical information?
15-How, and using what protocol, may a Sequencer be synchronised to a multitrack recorder?
16-If you change the tempo of the song, what will happen to (a) the MIDI parts? (b) the Audio parts?
17-How does the application Recycle allow MIDI to control Audio parts?
18-What is OMS?
19-How does OMS simplify MIDI studio setups?
20-What's the difference between type 0 & 1 MIDI sequences?
21-Why are there 'virtual' MIDI ports available (i.e. Hubis Loopback)?
22-What is the 'rewire' protocol?
23-What is the rocket networks protocol and how does it work?
24-What are step sequencers?
25-Why are step sequencers usually more suitable for percussion & drum parts?
26-Why are click tracks important functions in MIDI/Audio sequencers?
27-Why do many sequencers metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks?
28-How is MIDI data such as modulation and pan usually displayed in part editors?
29-How many times is master clock transmitted per quarter note?
30-What are the functions of the master and slave in any synchronisation situation?
31-What timing division does SPP (song position pointers) work on?
32-What is MIDI Sync mode and what synchronisation protocols does it accept?
33-What is the primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock, and why is MTC more accurate?
34-Define the basics of SMPTE?
35-What similiarities are there between SMPTE and MTC?
36-How does FSK work?
37-Does standard-FSK synchronisation give any indication of song position?
38-What improvements does Smart-FSK offer over standard FSK?
39-If using FSK with analogue tape, why must the speed of the tape not change after recording the FSK timing information?
40-What is the 'tempo master' and what is the 'transport master' within a MIDI synchronised setup?
41-What problems may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece?
42-Name 2 different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces?
43-Can tempo changes and time signature changes be made during a song within a sequencer?
44-What considerations must be made when using a software sequencer as part of a live show? |
Mon May 02, 2005 5:32 pm |
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rachelh
Joined: 16 Jan 2005
Posts: 35
Location: Trinidad WI |
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Week 9 – Sequencers
01-What is a MIDI sequencer?
A MIDI sequencer is a digital device that is used to record, edit and output MIDI messages in a sequential fashion. These sequential messages are generally arranged in track-based format that follows the modern production concept of locating separate instruments and/ or instrument voices onto separate tracks. [1]
02-What are the advantages of hardware sequencers?
Hardware sequencers are stand-alone devices solely designed for the purpose of sequencing MIDI data. Hardware sequencers have the advantage of being specially built for this purpose. These systems include specially designed CPU and operating system, hard disk based memory, MIDI ports and other integrated controls for performing sequence specific options. Hardware sequencers are portable and their design to emulate the basic functions of tape transport are also advantages, [1]
03-What are the advantages of software sequencers?
Software samplers have the advantage of being in some cases even more versatile than their hardware counterparts – they are the most common type of sequencer, they offer the user speed, hardware flexibility, digital signal processing, memory management and signal routing as well as graphical representation of the signals.
04-What is a piano roll editor?
A piano roll editor is a software program in which shows the notes from a MIDI track or track as they would appear on a player-piano roll. It allows you to move the notes around, make them longer or shorter, and change their pitches by just dragging them with the mouse. You can also use the Piano Roll view to display and edit MIDI velocity, controllers, and other types of information. The Piano Roll view sometimes contains a Drum Editor, which allows you to "paint" drum patterns using the Pattern Brush tool and play different drum modules from a single track. [3]
05-What is a 'drum map'?
A drum map allows you to "paint" drum patterns using the Pattern Brush tool and play different drum modules from a single track. It contains a timing template that converts the selected segment to mimic the drum map selected. [3]
06-What is usually seen in the 'arrange' window?
In the arrange window or Track View window makes it easy for the user to arrange and mix your projects from a single view. From one location, you can select, copy, move, mix, and rearrange the parts of your project, using menu commands or drag-and-drop tools. You can add real-time audio and MIDI effects from the Effects bin and buses. Markers provide easy-to-use reference points and labels for the different parts of your project, and the snap grid makes it easy to align your clips to the desired time points. The Track view has a full set of record and playback meters, which you can configure in several ways. Home Studio also has a variety of tools and commands for changing the tempo of your project. [3]
07-What are Tempo/Meter maps?
The meter, or time signature, divides time into rhythmic pulses whilst the tempo specifies the number of beats per measure and the note value of each beat whilst tempo refers to the number of beats per minute. Tempo/ meter maps allow the user to predefine the tempo and meter characteristics that he wants to be applied to a clip before it is recorded and to also “paint” a wanted tempo/meter setting onto an existent clip. [3]
08-What is the purpose of quantizing?
The purpose of quantizing is that it allows you to alter the timing of notes on a recording so that they can fit into a time grid. Quantizing is usually needed when a recording is made but the timing is not as accurate as you would like this situation can arise in recording live sound or sound in a studio [when a metronome is not used] [2]
09-What is Groove Quantizing and how does it work?
Groove quantizing is a timing trait/template that can be extracted and imposed onto a selected piece of music. This type of Quantizing is not used to correct mistakes, but rather to impose a certain feel on the music. Groove quantizing works by selecting segment to be quantized then selecting the groove map that is to be applied– the effect is automatically applied to the selected segment – they are Quantized according to the selected Groove Map. The Quantize value is used in a special way: If you for example set it to eighth notes, only eighth notes and "bigger" in the Part will be affected, sixteenth notes and "smaller" remain unaffected. [4]
10-Explain Note On quantizing.
Note On Quantizing is the basic quantize approach. This type of quantizing moves the notes to the closest quantize value, without changing the length. For example, with a quantize value of 1, the notes are moved to he nearest whole beat. The before and after (quantizing) is shown below. Here, two drum hits are pulled to the first beat while the other two beats are pulled to the second whole beat, as it is closer. [4]
11-Explain Over Quantizing.
Over quantizing moves the note as Note On Quantizing would that is, closest to the closest quantize value without changing the length, but it also tries to detect chords and keeps them together while moving notes about. ie: It is more musically intelligent [4]
12-Explain Iterative Quantizing.
Iterative Quantizing is the process by which notes are moved a certain amount towards the closest quantize value, if they are not very close to it already. How much the notes are moved, and what is considered "already close to the Quantize value", is set using the "Strength" setting which specifies how strongly you want to pull the note and "Don't Quantize" parameter which is used to specify which notes are close enough to the Quantize value and need not be moved. [4]
13-What do quantize values such as 4,32,16T etc represent?
Quantize values such as the ones stated in the above question represent the number of ‘ticks’ in which notes can be moved toward the Quantize in the Don’t Quantize or Don’t Q function. ??
14-What is the score editor and how does it display musical information?
The score editor in a sequencer is used to edit and transcribe musical scores, which can then be printed out onto paper. This can be done manually by placing the notes onto the screen via keyboard and/or mouse movements or via direct MIDI input. [1]
15-How, and using what protocol, may a Sequencer be synchronised to a multitrack recorder?
A sequencer may be synchronised to a multitrack recorder using MIDI Time Code Protocol. Because the multitrack cannot be directly connected to the sequencer they will have to be interfaced using a MIDI interface. the result would be that both pieces of equipment would be able to be simultaneously used together in a real time environment.
16-If you change the tempo of the song, what will happen to (a) the MIDI parts? (b) the Audio parts?
If the tempo of a song is changed the audio parts will remain as is whilst the MIDI parts would either speed up or slow down according to the change, that is, if the tempo was increased or decreased. In essence this would cause the parts to be out of sync with each other when played back in conjunction, thus the audio parts would have to be adjusted to suit the tempo to which the MIDI parts are now assigned.
17-How does the application Recycle allow MIDI to control Audio parts?
The application Recycle allows MIDI to control audio parts by dissecting and saving audio, which is then saved in Rex Files, which in turn can be imported into a sequencer- hence it is then controlled.
18-What is OMS?
OMS, which was originally for Opcode MIDI System but today abbreviates for Open MIDI system. OMS is very similar in function and purpose to FreeMIDI /FMS in that it handles all of the data throughput between the various hardware and software components of a MIDI system and can even coexist in a system with FreeMIDI. OMS actually predates FMS as the original standard and widely used method of providing an environment for MIDI on Macintosh computers. The idea is that once OMS learns the configuration of your MIDI system any and all programs that are compatible with it (and virtually all MIDI programs on the Mac are) can get access to and take advantage of that information. That information could include patch names, attributes, and locations of your instruments as well as synchronisation sources. [5]
19-How does OMS simplify MIDI studio setups?
OMS simplifies MIDI studio setups by learning the configuration of your MIDI system any and all programs that are compatible with it (and virtually all MIDI programs on the Mac are) can get access to and take advantage of that information. That information could include patch names, attributes, and locations of your instruments as well as synchronisation sources. [5]
20-What's the difference between type 0 & 1 MIDI sequences?
SMF of Standatd MIDI file is a standardized file format for saving MIDI sequences independent of the platform they were created on. Standard MIDI Files allow musicians with completely different types of computers or sequencers to exchange MIDI sequences. There are two types, Type 0 (single track), and Type 1 (multitrack). Each type contains the same information, but on a Type 0 all MIDI channels are combined into one track (MIDI channel assignments and other information are not lost) while on a Type 1 each track is kept separate. [5]
21-Why are there 'virtual' MIDI ports available (i.e. Hubis Loopback)?
Hubis Loopback is a MIDI driver that gives you up to four virtual MIDI ports. Each virtual port can act as both an input and output MIDI device. All MIDI data sent to the output is automatically channelled to all connected programs at the input side. The ports are named "LB1" to "LB4" by default but can be renamed. Hubis allows for synth editors to be used with a MIDI sequencer or sampler or MIDI programs to be combined together.
22-What is the 'rewire' protocol?
Rewire us an inter-application communication engine developed by Steinberg that allows MIDI and audio applications to interact and cooperate with one another For example, the audio output of an application may be routed to the audio engine of another and output with the second application's audio. Further, they may communicate with each other via MIDI so that one can control the other or so they can be synchronized. ReWire currently works with just about every DAW application such as Pro Tools, Digital Performer, Logic, Sonar, Cubase and others. [5]
23-What is the rocket networks protocol and how does it work?
Rocket network protocol is a “music industry global production network for audio production and session management. The Rocket Network Company has established this standard through development and resale partnerships with leading audio companies, including Digidesign/Avid, DSP Media, Emagic, Euphonix, MOTU, Steinberg and Waveframe. These companies have developed or are developing RocketPower versions of their leading products. Rocket Network has developed an Application Programmers Interface (API) that is integrated directly into third party audio applications. This allows users to access the Rocket Network from within their favourite audio product. Rocket Network allows simultaneous multi-user access to files that can be dynamically updated from anywhere in the world. The Rocket Network Company's technology and services are becoming an integral part of a growing percent of professional audio sessions.” [5]
24-What are step sequencers?
Step sequencers are editing formats that allow MIDI data to be manually entered thus introducing notes one by one in a sequential manner.
25-Why are step sequencers usually more suitable for percussion & drum parts?
Step sequencers ate usually more suitable for percussion and drum parts because it allows more flexibility in creating drum parts as they allow for more freedom and creativity when creating drum patterns, also the grids allow for accurate timing.
26-Why are click tracks important functions in MIDI/Audio sequencers?
Click tracks are metronomic "pulse" heard in monitor headsets by the musicians (or conductor in film scoring) during the performance of music. The purpose of a click track is the same as any metronome: to guide the musicians temporally for the sake of timing consistency or some other timing concern. Click tracks are quite often generated by computer software (such as MIDI sequencers) and played back in real time through some MIDI sound source. [5]
27-Why do many sequencers metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks?
Many sequencers’ metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks so that the musician can be able to choose what the sound of the ‘click’ should be, in doing this, they would be able to choose a sound that they are comfortable with and won’i impede them when recording.
28-How is MIDI data such as modulation and pan usually displayed in part editors?
When moving the Volume fader, the Value box in the toolbar displays the level from a scale of 0 (minimum) to 127 (maximum). When you move the Pan slider, the Value box displays the pan value on a scale that ranges from 0 (hard left) to 64 (center) to 127 (hard right).[3]
29-How many times is master clock transmitted per quarter note?
The master clock transmits pulses at a rate of 24 times per quarter note [24 pqq] the purpose of this clock is to transmit this timing to all devices in the MIDI system to improve the system’s timing resolution and simplify timing when working with non-standard meters such as 3/8, 5/16, 5/32 and so on. [1]
30-What are the functions of the master and slave in any synchronisation situation?
When two devices are synchronized to one another it is necessary to have one be the master and the other the slave. The slave unit responds to commands or information from the master and is thus controlled by it. This is the basic principle behind all synchronization in audio and video. For example, if a computer system is following an analogue tape machine (or video deck) it can be said to be "slaved" to it. [5]
31-What timing division does SPP (song position pointers) work on?
Song position pointers (SPPs) allow a sequencer or drum machine to be synchronised to an external source such as a tape machine from any measure position within a song. Although SSPs are used less often than MIDI Time Code [MTC], it can synchronise a location in a MIDI sequence in measure to a matching position point on an external device such as a drum machine or a tape recorder, by providing timing reference that increments once for every six MIDI clock messages with respect to the beginning of a song. [1]
32-What is MIDI Sync mode and what synchronisation protocols does it accept?
The MIDI Sync mode is the setting that is used to set up synchronisation, in essence it is the protocol that is used to allow the master to enslave other devices whilst incorporating MTC and MIDI clock.
33-What is the primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock, and why is MTC more accurate?
MTC or Musical Instrument Digital Interface Time Code was developed for electronic music studios, project studios and all other production environments to have a cost effective and easily implemented way to translate time code into time-stamped MIDI messages and back. It allows for time code to be distributed throughout the MIDI chain to devices that are able to understand and execute MTC commands. The MIDI Clock is not related to SMPTE time code or any external reference. Ideally it is the built in and often transparent protocol for synchronising all of the timing elements of each MIDI device within a connected system to a master timing clock. This protocol operates by transmitting real time messages over standard MIDI cables. As with all types of synchronisation, one device must be designated the master device in order to provide timing information to which all other slaved devices are locked. MTC is more accurate than the MIDI clock because it is universally accepted under the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers protocol.[1]
34-Define the basics of SMPTE?
SMPTE abbreviates for the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers. SMPTE, much like the Audio Engineering Society and other organizations, provide a coherent place for keeping professionals (in this case television and film audio engineers) up to date with current information as well as formalizing and documenting necessary standards from time to time. It was SMPTE who devised the classical method of measuring intermodulation distortion, but one of their most noteworthy achievements is the formalization and standardization of SMPTE Time Code, which is the standard method of interlocking audio, video and film transports that makes use of a code developed by the Society of Motion Picture and television Engineers [STMPE]. The use of this STMPE time code allows for the identification of an exact position on a tape or within a media program by assigning a digital address to each specified length. This address code cannot slip, and always retains its accuracy between 1/24th and 1/30th of a second [dependant on the media type and the standards being used]. The specified tape segments are called frames, a term taken from film production. And the time code address is the tag given to every audio and video frame and is represented by an 8 digit code highlighting hours:minutes:seconds:frames i.e. 00:00:00:00 [1]
35-What similarities are there between SMPTE and MTC?
The similarities between SMPTE and MTC are that MTC is a cost effective way of easily transmitting SMPTE time code thus MTC is based on SMPTE and in this they are similar on all accounts.
36-How does FSK work?
FSK of Frequency shift Keying is an audio tone (frequency) modulated by a square wave, which is used both for data transfer and also for sequencer and drum machine synchronization. FSK is the sound that you hear when your fax or modem making as it establishes communication. In the early days of electronic music, before MIDI, drum machines or sequencers were synchronized to each other or to a tape machine via this method. Back then the only information transmitted was a rate which was interpreted as tempo by the machines. There was no location information included so the song always had to be started from the very beginning in order to achieve proper sync. If there was any drop out or glitch along the way one had to go back and start at the very beginning of the song to re-establish sync. It was cumbersome and unreliable to say the least, and that is why formats such as SFSK, DTL, SMPTE, and MTC were later adopted. [5]
37-Does standard-FSK synchronisation give any indication of song position?
Standard FSK synchronisation did not give any indication of song position -there was no location information included so the song always had to be started from the very beginning in order to achieve proper sync. If there was any drop out or glitch along the way one had to go back and start at the very beginning of the song to re-establish sync. [5]
38-What improvements does Smart-FSK offer over standard FSK?
Smart FSK [SFSK] contains real time song position data in its code thus allowing for indication of song position – this also helped with dropouts as the system could resume playing the song without starting over to achieve full sync, standard FSK does not carry this feature thus the song had to be started over from the beginning to achieve full sync. [5]
39-If using FSK with analogue tape, why must the speed of the tape not change after recording the FSK timing information?
In the early days of electronic music, before MIDI, drum machines or sequencers were synchronized to each other or to a tape machine FSK. Back then the only information transmitted was a rate, which was interpreted as tempo by the machines. Thus, if using FSK with analogue tape the speed of the tape should not change after recording because the system would not be able to recognise the format and sync will not be able to be established. [5]
40-What is the 'tempo master' and what is the 'transport master' within a MIDI synchronised setup?
Within a MIDI synchronised set-up the tempo master is the sequencer that controls the tempo of the slave devices – in essence, it keeps this tempo in key and if there is a tempo change by the master device it will thereafter change the tempo of the slave devices, the transport master controls the stop/ play, record, fast forward and rewind.
41-What problems may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece?
Problems that may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece are those associated with device latency as the extensive use of controller data might inundate the CPU with tasks thus processes would take longer to execute increasing latency and slowing down the efficiency of the machine/ sequenced devices. Due to this latency dropouts may also occur in the worse case scenario, the CPU may even crash.
42-Name 2 different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces?
Two connection protocols for MIDI interfaces are:
I. USB/ USB 2.0
II. FireWire
43-Can tempo changes and time signature changes be made during a song within a sequencer?
Time changes as well as signature changes can indeed be made during a song within a sequencer. Modern day sequencers are sophisticated enough to allow these changes to be made even during playback of a song.
44-What considerations must be made when using a software sequencer as part of a live show?
During a live show, considerations that should be made when using a software sequencer are:
I. Is the sequencer able to carry a live set?
II. Is the sequencer stable enough to be used with the format required of it – you don’t want your sequencer to freeze up on you during a live set
III. Where are you going to put the sequencer?
IV. Who is going to control the sequencer? Is it going to be on stage or is someone going to control it off stage [if an auto-locator device is not present]
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Reference:
[1] MODERN RECORDING TECHNIQUES – DM HUBER, R RUNSTEIN
[2] STUDIO RECORDING ENGINEER
[3] CAKEWALK HOME STUDIO HELP MENU
[4] http://members.tripod.com/~TroyWoodfield/quantize.html
[5] WWW.SWEETWATER.COM |
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Sat May 07, 2005 4:25 pm |
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thx1138
Joined: 07 Jan 2005
Posts: 21
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01-What is a MIDI sequencer?
A MIDI sequencer allows the recording of MIDI song data on multiple tracks and it allows the replaying and editing of the MIDI song data afterwards.
02-What are the advantages of hardware sequencers?
It doesn't need a computer to function and is (usually) easily portable and is far less likely to crash than a computer.
03-What are the advantages of software sequencers?
Software sequencers offer a greater variety of features such as being able to record audio alongside MIDI. Software sequencers graphically represent information recorded onto them and makes the alteration of event data far easier.
04-What is a piano roll editor?
A piano roll editor represents MIDI data graphically. On the left-hand side it shows a piano keyboard and on the right of it is a grid where notes can be drawn in or recorded via a controller device.
05-What is a 'drum map'?
A drum map is an editor like a piano roll editor except that it deals with drum sounds assigned to specific notes.
06-What is usually seen in the 'arrange' window?
In the arrange window you would usually see all of the MIDI and audio information and any automation data including pan, volume, velocity etc.
07-What are Tempo/Meter maps?
Tempo maps hold the tempo information regarding a song arranged in the MIDI sequencer. Information such as tempo changes within a song is held in the tempo map.
08-What is the purpose of quantizing?
Quantizing is used to 'tidy up' the timing of notes. Depending on the quantize value, notes are shifted into certain time slots to improve rhythmic accuracy and playing errors.
09-What is Groove Quantizing and how does it work?
Groove quantizing allows for a more human feel than normal quantizing. Not all notes will be shifted into exactly the same place. Groove quantize usually follows a pre-set groove style or a random pattern.
10-Explain Note On quantizing.
Note on quantizing is where only the beginning of each note is shifted into time, the note lengths stay the same.
11-Explain Over Quantizing.
Over quantizing is where the beginning and end of each note is shifted into time.
12-Explain Iterative Quantizing.
Iterative quantizing moves a note closer to a set quantize value. Notes are moved depending on how far they are from the exact quantize value, how far the notes will be shifted toward the quantize value can be set by the user. It is used to make sequences of notes sound more human.
13-What do quantize values such as 4,32,16T etc represent?
These quantize values define where notes can occur in the piano roll editor and drum map or where they will be shifted to. Such as: 1/4 note, 1/32nd note, and 16th triplet note.
14-What is the score editor and how does it display musical information?
The score editor displays MIDI song data as traditional music score.
15-How, and using what protocol, may a Sequencer be synchronised to a multitrack recorder?
SMPTE time code would be 'striped' or recorded onto the multitrack recorder and synced to the sequencer via a sync input.
16-If you change the tempo of the song, what will happen to (a) the MIDI parts? (b) the Audio parts?
If the tempo of a song is changed there will be no actual change to the sound you hear regarding the MIDI parts, they will just play at the new tempo. The audio parts will play at their original tempo and will be out of sync with the song.
17-How does the application Recycle allow MIDI to control Audio parts?
Recycle splits or chops up audio parts into smaller segments so that they can be time stretched and looped so that they can be played back at any tempo so they can be used with MIDI tempo changes.
(Recycle help pdf)
18-What is OMS?
OMS stands for open music system and it is a set of extensions and programs that bridge the gap between MIDI applications and MIDI hardware.
(akwww.digidesign.com/support/docs/OMS_guide.pdf)
19-How does OMS simplify MIDI studio setups?
OMS provides an extensive MIDI routing/processing package which effectively turns any keyboard into a controller.
(www.cassiel.com/gearhead/oms.html)
OMS allows access to your studio by instrument and patch name. It displays your MIDI setup on-screen with colourful icons that illustrate connections to MIDI interfaces, soundcards and instruments.
(www.gibson.com/products/opcode/products/oms/oms/index.shtml)
20-What's the difference between type 0 & 1 MIDI sequences?
Type 0 MIDI files save all information in one track whereas type 1 MIDI files save the information as multiple tracks.
In type 0, all data is saved to a single track without regard to its MIDI channel reference. The file plays normally but accessing the individual components is a bit more difficult if editing is needed afterwards.
Type 1 outputs a separate track for each MIDI channel in its original sequence, greatly simplifying editing once the sequence has been transferred from one sequencer to another.
(http//:searchstorage.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid5-gci213649,00.html)
21-Why are there 'virtual' MIDI ports available (i.e. Hubis Loopback)?
Virtual MIDI parts are an equivalent of a real MIDI port but instead of linking devices together it links computer programs together so that MIDI data can be transferred between them.
22-What is the 'rewire' protocol?
Generally, rewire is a technology for transferring audio data between software applications in real time. It is the software equivalent of a multi channel audio cable. It provides 64 channels of real time audio at extremely high resolution at practically any bandwidth.
(http://news.harmony.central.com/newp/WNAMM99/steinberg/rewire.html)
23-What is the rocket networks protocol and how does it work?
Rocket networks allow for multiple cubase users to work together and share projects using the internet as a live connection. It uses high quality MPEG audio file compression for all real time transfers. It has applications for producers wanting to co-ordinate sessions to include musicians working at a distance, and all musicians who wish to collaborate in real time without having to rely on being in a fixed location.
24-What are step sequencers?
Step sequencers are sequencers where a pattern/sequence can be built up step-by-step instead of playing in a whole sequence from a controller keyboard. Examples of some hardware step sequencers: Roland 303s, 808s, 909s etc..
25-Why are step sequencers usually more suitable for percussion & drum parts?
Step sequencers are more suitable for percussion and drumparts as you can easily build upon a drum pattern, adding fills and other variations to a drum sequence so that an entire drumpart can be made without having to have any drumming skills or access to drum trigger pads.
26-Why are click tracks important functions in MIDI/Audio sequencers?
Click tracks are there to keep everything in time and enable a performance to be in time with a selected tempo.
27-Why do many sequencers metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks?
Sequencers can usually be used for audio and MIDI, so a metronome allowing for either MIDI or audio clicks would be much more flexible as then the sequencer could be used just for audio or just for MIDI and the metronome could be used in either circumstance.
28-How is MIDI data such as modulation and pan usually displayed in part editors?
Usually beneath the piano roll window various 'lanes' will display automation and values of other MIDI data such as modulation and pan.
29-How many times is master clock transmitted per quarter note?
The MIDI clock byte is transmitted 24 times per quarter note.
30-What are the functions of the master and slave in any synchronisation situation?
The master sends out time-code information that the slave(s) follow. The slave(s) follow any timing information sent by the master and are basically controlled by the master.
31-What timing division does SPP (song position pointers) work on?
The timing division that SPPs work on are 16th notes.
32-What is MIDI Sync mode and what synchronisation protocols does it accept?
MIDI sync mode is when a MIDI slave device is synchronised to the MIDI master. Without MIDI sync enabled the slave device would run to its own internal clock.
The synchronisation protocols it accepts are MIDI clock and MIDI time code.
33-What is the primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock, and why is MTC more accurate?
MIDI clock deals with the timing of notes based on MIDI tempos and MIDI time code is an absolute reference that is based on SMPTE which uses hours, minutes, seconds and frames.
MTC is more accurate as MIDI clock doesn't contain information regarding the position in a song (this is sent separately using SPPs) and MTC uses real time addresses (hours, minutes, seconds and frames). So devices will always be in sync even if a song is fast forwarded/rewound or played from a position other than the beginning.
34-Define the basics of SMPTE?
SMPTE time code (stands for society of sound and motion picture engineers) uses hours, minutes, seconds and frames as time references. Devices using the same SMPTE protocols and frame rates will keep in sync with one-another when playing, fast forwarding, rewinding etc.. a song. It was originally proposed as a system to facilitate the accurate editing of video type in 1967.
35-What similarities are there between SMPTE and MTC?
MTC is a means of transferring SMPTE around a MIDI system. Basically MTC is the MIDI implemented version of SMPTE.
36-How does FSK work?
FSK stands for frequency shift key. By itself it is only a tempo relative sync signal and gives no indication of location, so it can only be used with MIDI clock signals.
When hooked to MIDI clocks through a converter box, FSK responds by alternating a tone from 1.5 kHz and 2.5 kHz for every clock pulse. The converter, based on a specific MIDI clock tempo will generate this tone which will then get recorded onto tape, then during playback, the FSK signal gets converted back to MIDI clocks to keep the sequencer in tempo.
(www.recording.eq.com/EQ/req1000/Sync2.htm)
37-Does standard-FSK synchronisation give any indication of song position?
Standard FSK is only a tempo relative sync signal and gives no indication of song position.
(www.recording.eq.com/EQ/req1000/Sync2.htm)
38-What improvements does Smart-FSK offer over standard FSK?
Smart FSK is almost identical to standard FSK except that it can indicate a specific position in a song based on 16th notes.
(www.recording.eq.com/EQ/req1000/Sync2.htm)
39-If using FSK with analogue tape, why must the speed of the tape not change after recording the FSK timing information?
FSK responds to the MIDI clock by alternating a tone from 1.5 kHz to 2.5 kHz for every clock pulse, this tone gets recorded onto the tape and during playback it will be converted back into MIDI clocks to keep the sequencer in tempo. When this is converted back into MIDI clocks it only responds to frequencies of 1.5 and 2.5 kHz so the tape speed cannot be changed after recording the FSK timing information since altering the tape speed will alter the pitches of the tones.
(www.recording.eq.com/EQ/req1000/Sync2.htm)
40-What is the 'tempo master' and what is the 'transport master' within a MIDI synchronised setup?
The tempo master controls tempo by using the MIDI clock signal and transport master facilitates playback by sending start, stop and continue messages.
41-What problems may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece?
Possible latency due to extensive data transmission which may also interfere with the timing of notes and could cause possible data overload.
42-Name 2 different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces?
Firewire and USB.
43-Can tempo changes and time signature changes be made during a song within a sequencer?
Yes, information concerning tempo changes is stored in the tempo map where tempo and time signature changes are implemented.
44-What considerations must be made when using a software sequencer as part of a live show?
Reliability. You must ensure the computer, the software and sequenced data will run without crashing and without any glitches during the live show. The computer running the software must be stable and a UPS would be imperative so that any fluctuations in power supply do not affect playback in the sequencer.
Other references:
(Music Engineering - Second Edition by Richard Brice)
(Sound & Recordimg: An Introduction - Fourth Edition by Francis Rumsey and Tim McCormick)
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AcousticalWeaponsDivision/Alex |
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Sun May 08, 2005 8:57 am |
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JohnA
Joined: 20 Jan 2005
Posts: 28
Location: Mid Glamorgan, UK |
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Audio Course
AUMT03
Week 9
SEQUENCERS
JohnA (mixindown)
01-What is a MIDI sequencer?
A MIDI sequencer is a software program (or a hardware device) that can record, edit, store and play back a musical performance as MIDI data.
02-What are the advantages of hardware sequencers?
The advantages of a hardware sequencer are:
a. Portability. Hardware sequencers do not need a computer for them to work and can be used anywhere.
b. The price of hardware sequencers can be far less (if compared to purchasing a sequencing package and a computer together).
c. A hardware sequencer will be more reliable for use in a live situation
03-What are the advantages of software sequencers?
The advantages of a software sequencer are:
a. Software sequencers are easier to edit.
b. The software sequencer will usually have more perameters available than a similarly priced hardware version.
c. Using a software sequencer through a computer means you have use of the computers screen (which is far larger than on hardware sequencers screen)
d. Software sequencers will be cheaper than their hardware equivalent - if you already own a computer. When you purchase a hardware sequencer, you are paying for all the hardware on top.
04-What is a piano roll editor?
A piano roll edtior (also known as a key editor) is an editing section found in sequencing packages. It consists of a vertical representation of a piano keyboard and a grid. The keyboard section allows the user to click on piano with a mouse and hear those notes (great for quick selection). The grid section allows the user to enter notes manually by clicking them in. There is usually a set of drawing tools to allow the user to edit the notes that are entered. Clicking and dragging the length of the note or using a rubber to wipe the notes out etc. does this.
05-What is a 'drum map'?
A drum map is used in conjunction with a drum editor in a MIDI sequencing package. In the DRUM EDITOR, the user can enter drum sounds with the aid of a keyboard or other controller. A drum map tells the sequencing package how the Drum Editor should interact with the controller. The DRUM MAP provides the user with a list of the correct drum names. These appear in a grid to the left of the screen called the DRUM SOUND LIST. Drum Maps can be imported, edit and saved as future templates for recording.
06-What is usually seen in the 'arrange' window?
The Arrange Window gives a graphical representation of all audio and MIDI parts and usually consists of:
a. Track list: For editing, track mute/class/name/channel etc.
b. Inspector: For editing Track or Part perameters: Name/instrument/channel/bank/program/volume/etc.
c. Part Display: For Selecting and inputting part information: Here you can copy, paste, move, highlight, split, join, delete individual or groups of parts in a composition.
d. Transport Bar: for start, stop, record, loop etc.
07-What are Tempo/Meter maps?
A tempo map is a map – in a sequencer - that is used to set the tempo of the song. The tempo map needs to be set at the start of a song even if the tempo does not change during a sequence. It can also be used to change tempo at certain locations in a sequence. Many sequencers have a tempo map that defaults to 120bpm when you first open the sequencer.
A Meter Map is the same as a tempo map but refers to the meter timing of the song 4/4, 2/4 etc.
08-What is the purpose of quantizing?
The purpose of quantizing is to allow the user to reposition groups of recorded notes to exact note values. If used well, it can improve the performance of notes by loosening or tightening the timing. It can also be used to correct errors or improve the performance.
09-What is Groove Quantizing and how does it work?
Groove Quantize is meant for creating a rhythmic “groove” feel. The sequencer compares your recorded music with a “groove” performance template pattern, then move the appropriate notes so that their timing matches the one of the groove. The quantizing method used is based on the rhythmic characteristics instead of absolute values.
10-Explain Note On quantizing.
Note on quantizing is the basic quantizing approach. Note on quantizing moves the notes to the closest quantizing value without changing the length of the notes. So if the quantize value is 1, the notes will be moved to the nearest whole beat.
11-Explain Over Quantizing.
Over quantizing moves notes to their closest quantize value but without changing the length of the notes. It also detects and holds chords together. If you consistently play behind or ahead of the beat, it recognizes this and uses the fact when finding notes to move.
12-Explain Iterative Quantizing.
With Iterative quantize, notes are moved a specific value pre-selected by the user. The notes are moved “part of the way” towards the selected quantize value. The amount the notes are moved with is defined in percentage terms up to 100%.
13-What do quantize values such as 4,32,16T etc. represent?
Quantize note values usually range from 1 (whole note) to 1/128th of a note. When you set a quantize value (4T 4 4. etc., you are setting the exact positions the notes should be moved towards when you perform the quantize function.
14-What is the score editor and how does it display musical information?
Score Editor represents the MIDI notes as musical score. All MIDI notes are displayed as musical notation.
15-How, and using what protocol, may a Sequencer be synchronized to a multitrack recorder?
You can synchronize a sequencer to a multitrack recorder by connecting it via MIDI. SMPTE Time Code is striped to the last track of the multitrack recorder. The multitrack is the master. This is then connected to a SMPTE Generator, which converts the SMPTE tone on the tape into MTC (MIDI Time Code). The MTC out of the SMPTE Generator is then connected to the sequencer, which reads the MTC code to sync with the multitrack. Many computer interfaces have SMPTE to MTC converters built in, doing away with the need for a SMPTE Generator.
16-If you change the tempo of the song, what will happen to (a) the MIDI parts? (b) The Audio parts?
The MIDI parts will follow the change in tempo and their pitch will remain the same.
The audio parts on the multitrack will retain their pitch but will not follow the tempo change so they will be “out of sync” with the MIDI parts.
17-How does the application Recycle allow MIDI to control Audio parts?
First, you load an audio file such as a drum groove into Recycle. Recycle then analyzes it and breaks it up into sections called slices. Recycle then creates a soundbank of these slices and transmits it to the sampler you are using. A MIDI file is then created based on the timing of the original groove. When you import the MIDI file into your sequencer, you can trigger the slices in your sampler (it plays back to the original groove you started with). You can then alter quantize, tempo etc.
18-What is OMS?
OMS (Open Music System) is a real time operating system for Apple Mac MIDI applications. It allows communication between different MIDI programs and hardware. This would allow such things as a librarian program to display synthesizer patch names instead of just the numbers, in the sequencers editing windows.
19-How does OMS simplify MIDI studio setups?
In OMS, a set of on-screen software tools manages the flow of the MIDI information between applications and MIDI hardware devices. Large MIDI set-ups often contain a number of MIDI devices that are all attached to one or more MIDI interfaces. Each individual MIDI application has to keep track of all the interfaces, MIDI devices and data communication. In OMS, all applications simply use the central MIDI communication offered by OMS.
20-What's the difference between type 0 & 1 MIDI sequences?
The difference between type 0 & type 1 MIDI sequences are as follows:
Type 1: Contains separate information for each one of the tracks. Each musical part is given its own track.
Type 0: Contains only one track. All tracks are merged into this single track even if this represents many musical parts on different MIDI channels. MIDI channel information is still retained. However, when type 0 files are loaded into a sequencer, it will take each track channel information and place it on separate tracks.
21-Why are there 'virtual' MIDI ports available (i.e. Hubis Loopback)?
Virtual MIDI ports enable you to connect the MIDI OUT port of an application (such as a sequencing package) to MIDI IN port of other applications. This information is channeled in real time. You can then use the MIDI information from one application in another application.
22-What is the 'rewire' protocol?
Rewire is an inter-application engine, which allows one application to interact with another. When two applications both contain the rewire protocol, you can record audio in one and then ReWire its output to the input of the other. This audio can then be further processed in the receiving application.
23-What is the rocket networks protocol and how does it work?
Rocket Network’s Internet technology is the Cubase VST studio workplace that connects musicians live over the Internet. Using the Internet as a live connection, users can share projects by logging into a live studio. All members of the session work together in real time – hearing the work as it develops. The Internet is used to update the work as it develops in real time. Each participant in a project work on they’re own aspect of the same arrangement and have complete control over their contribution. As participants change the arrangement at their end, the changes are reflected on all other user screens.
Files are MPEG3 audio (compressed for quick upload and download times). After the real-time session is over, the original files can then be transferred – in their original format – to each of the session members.
24-What are step sequencers?
Step sequencers (hardware and software) allow the user to build a track one beat at a time.
25-Why are step sequencers usually more suitable for percussion & drum parts?
It is usually easier to program percussion and drum parts one drum at a time. As step sequencers only allow you to input one beat at a time, they are suitable for this purpose.
26-Why are click tracks important functions in MIDI/Audio sequencers?
Click tracks are important functions in MIDI/audio sequencers because they allow the user to hear a click, which represents the timing of the song, whilst recording. Additional tracks can be added using the click track as a reference to the timing.
27-Why do many sequencers metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks?
Many sequencers metronomes allow either audio or MIDI clicks because it enables the user to “choose” a sound that they prefer to record to.
28-How is MIDI data such as modulation and pan usually displayed in part editors?
Modulation and pan (CC messages) are displayed as vertical graphical lines (usually in the Piano Roll editor or in a separate Control Editor).
29-How many times is master clock transmitted per quarter note?
Master clock (master MIDI clock) is transmitted 24 times per quarter note.
30-What are the functions of the master and slave in any synchronization situation?
Master: Its function is to control the slave. It does this by sending information instructing the slave to mimic its commands.
Slave: Its function is to follow the instructions of the master.
31-What timing division does SPP (song position pointers) work on?
SPP work on sixteenth note (semiquaver: sixteenth of a whole note) timing. SPP keeps track of how many sixteenth notes have elapsed since the start of the song.
32-What is MIDI Sync mode and what synchronization protocols does it accept?
MIDI sync mode is a protocol that allows different MIDI machines / peripherals to be synched up with each other. MIDI sync mode protocols are:
a. MTC (MIDI Time Code)
b. MIDI Clock
33-What is the primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock, and why is MTC more accurate?
The primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock is:
MIDI Time Code: Is a measure of absolute time (hours, minutes and seconds, frames and sub-frames)
MIDI Clock: Is a measure of relative time (bars, beats and ticks).
MIDI Clock sends out 24 pulses per quarter note.
With SMPTE, a single frame lasts around 35-50 milliseconds depending on frame rate. Each frame can then be divided into 80 sub frames. So the resolution of MTC is higher because it follows the same timing as SMPTE.
34-Define the basics of SMPTE?
SMPTE (the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers) is an absolute Time Code (measured in hours, minutes seconds, frames and bits – sub-frames). SMPTE is used to sync video with music and sound effects. Because it is time stamped, no matter where your current position is on a tape, devices, which are locked to SMPTE, will jump to the correct point in time. SMPTE protocol offers a choice of frame rates of 24,25, 29.97 and 30 per second. MTC is, for all intents and purposes, the MIDI version of SMPTE, allowing audio tape and MIDI machines to sync to each other. SMPTE is independent of musical tempo (BPM) because it is time based.
35-What similarities are there between SMPTE and MTC?
The similarities between SMPTE and MTC are that they both:
a. follow absolute time
b. are independent of tempo
c. use the same frame rates
36-How does FSK work?
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is a tape version of MIDI Clock and is tempo based. It works by recording a series of electronic tones onto tape. These are usually recorded in 1kHz and 2kHz bursts at a tempo that is related to the tempo of the song you are working on. The tones are derived from MIDI Clock - based on the sub-divisions of the song tempo. You play back your programmed song from your sequencer and record the code to tape. Because FSK is tempo related, if the song speeds up or slows down in parts, the code will mimic it. Also, there are no conversion processes to think about (as there are with SMPTE and MTC). FSK gives no indication of location. Therefore, it can only be used in conjunction with Midi Clock signals.
Once the code is recorded, the output of the code track is fed back into the SYNC IN of the MIDI device. Rewind the tape and press play. The MIDI device will receive the start command and run in perfect sync with the tape.
37-Does standard-FSK synchronization gives any indication of song position?
FSK does not give any indication of song position so every time you stop the master tape; you have to rewind to a position slightly before the start of the code for both tape and MIDI device to play in sync again.
38-What improvements does Smart-FSK offer over standard FSK?
Smart FSK can be used with MIDI Sync because in can indicate a specific position in the song based on sixteenth notes (SPP). This means that you can stop and start the tape at any point and it will stay in sync with the MIDI device it is connected to.
39-If using FSK with analogue tape, why must the speed of the tape not change after recording the FSK timing information?
FSK is a series of audio tones that are exact in pitch. If the tape speed changes, the pitch of the recorded FSK tone will change. This would put both machines out of sync.
40-What is the 'tempo master' and what is the 'transport master' within a MIDI synchronized setup?
Tempo Master: This is the machine that sets the tempo: computer / sequencer.
Transport Master: This is the machine that controls the start/stop/continue: tape machine.
41-What problems may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece?
MIDI is a serial transmission. As such, only one piece of information can go through the MIDI IN port at a time. MIDI controller information can take up high bandwidth. This can be very taxing on a single MIDI bus when very dense arrangements are received at the MIDI IN port. A lot of MIDI information received on a single port is known as “MIDI Data clog” or “MIDI Delay”. As these names suggest, the information goes through the port one piece at a time, delaying what comes behind. The larger the amount of information trying to enter the MIDI IN port, the greater the delay in the information being processed.
42-Name 2 different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces?
Two different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces are
a. 5 Pin-din
b. USB2
43-Can tempo changes and time signature changes are made during a song within a sequencer?
Yes, both tempo and time signature changes can be made during a song within a sequencer. These can also be edited and saved.
44-What considerations must be made when using a software sequencer as part of a live show?
Computers are getting more reliable as time goes on but… For live work, one has to take into consideration:
a. The computer could crash
b. A back up system should be in place in case of failure of the system (especially if you’re using a sequencing package such as Ableton Live to “create live performances” as you are going along.
c. Computers are not really made for the “rigors of the road” so you have to take care of them. You cannot treat a computer like you can treat a Marshall 4x12 cab!
d. If performing individual songs, they would have to be loaded up separately (you have to have your applause in between songs!). Someone has to be in charge so it may be an idea to have at least two band members who know how things work.
John A
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/nov03/articles/cubasenotes.htm
http://www.alesis.com/support/cc/sync.html
http://www.sweetwater.com/publications/sweetnotes/sn-summer96/SumSN_10.html
http://archive.cs.uu.nl/pub/MIDI/DOC/Mac-midi-intro
http://phocas.net/issue/2004/june/thebench.html
http://videoexpert.home.att.net/artic1/212smte.htm
http://www.audiomidi.com/classroom/proaudio/sync_wordclock.cfm |
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Sun May 08, 2005 11:51 am |
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hoaxwagon
Joined: 28 Feb 2005
Posts: 27
Location: Boulder Creek, CA USA |
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Hoaxwagon week 9 MT 
01-What is a MIDI sequencer?
A MIDI sequencer is a device that records and is able to play back in sequence audio as well as
MIDI information.
02-What are the advantages of hardware sequencers?
Dedicated hardware sequencers offer portability and price when compared to the price of a
computer, MIDI interface, and software.
03-What are the advantages of software sequencers?
A computer monitor most likely will have a larger screen and more storage space than hardware
sequencers. Software sequencers can print out musical scores from recordings..
04-What is a piano roll editor?
A piano roll editor is a software based program that allows for the creation of piano parts by
means of pressing and hearing a key that is situated along the left side of the screen and then that
note is placed on the screen to the right similar to any other editor ( cubase). The keys sounds can
be manipulated independent of one another.
05-What is a 'drum map'?
A drum map is a chart with the GM drum sounds and their associated number and 8 byte note
on/note off configuration.
06-What is usually seen in the 'arrange' window?
Sounds that have been keyed in from the keyboard located along the left side of the editor.
07-What are Tempo/Meter maps?
A tempo map is used by a sequencer to change the tempo of a specific section of a song.
08-What is the purpose of quantizing?
The timing and duration of the notes can be modified, correcting the little inaccuracies of the
performer.
09-What is Groove Quantizing and how does it work?
This type of Quantizing is not used to correct mistakes, but rather to place a certain feel on the
music. Groove quantizing is placing beats in a sequencer in a less rigid form than grid. The beats
can have a swing feel by placing different velocities on different beats.
10-Explain Note On quantizing.
This type of quantizing moves the notes to the closest quantize value, without changing the
length.
11-Explain Over Quantizing.
This type of quantizing moves the note but it also tries to detect chords and keeps them together
while quantizing. It takes the music into consideration as well as the beat.
12-Explain Iterative Quantizing.
This type of Quantizing moves the notes a certain amount towards the closest quantize value.
The idea here is that you set the strength value, which specifies how strongly you want to pull the
note.
13-What do quantize values such as 4,32,16T etc represent?
These values represent beats. 4= 1/4 note, 32= 1/32 note, etc. These can be set up so that the
notes being played will snap to the nearest preset beat. This helps if the player is not quite on the
beat.
14-What is the score editor and how does it display musical information?
A score editor is a software based program that displays music in its note form on staffs. the
notes can be manipulated in countless ways. Dynamics, slurs, vibrato and trills can be linked to
notes. Most editors can be password protected to allow play back but no modification.
15-How, and using what protocol, may a Sequencer be synchronized to a multitrack recorder?
The sequencer send MMC and reads MTC and the tape deck being the master send MTC and
reads MMC.
16-If you change the tempo of the song, what will happen to (a) the MIDI parts? (b) the Audio
parts?
The MIDI parts will not play where they were originally planned but the audio parts would
follow the changed tempo.
17-How does the application Recycle allow MIDI to control Audio parts?
It examines the audio file you load into it and senses significant peaks in the sound, then
automatically works out where each individual hit begins and ends, and insert markers
accordingly. It then can send the individual slices to your sampler via MIDI.
18-What is OMS?
The Open Music System, formerly Opcode Music System, is software which is used to manage
connections between a midi interface any all midi devices and software attached to it.
19-How does OMS simplify MIDI studio setups?
All MIDI connections can be made with OMS through a virtual pathway that is called the IAC
bus. The IAC (Interapplication Communication) bus is a set of virtual MIDI cables built into
OMS and therefore available to any application that supports OMS.
20-What's the difference between type 0 & 1 MIDI sequences?
A type 0 MIDI sequence has one track that contains all of the MIDI events for the entire song,
including the song title, time signature, tempo and music events. A type 1 MIDI file has two or
more tracks. The first contains song information such as the title, time signature, tempo, etc. The
second and following tracks contain a title and musical event data specific to that track.
21-Why are there 'virtual' MIDI ports available (i.e. Hubis Loopback)?
MIDI ports are for housing particular MIDI devices which can be configured to accept MTC
from a software based sequencer. These ports extend your MIDI driver to accept multiple MIDI
devices therefor you aren't limited to 16 MIDI channels.
22-What is the 'rewire' protocol?
ReWire is an interconection standard virtual audio pathway. It provides up to 64 virtual pathways
for real-time streaming of audio between supported applications. It also provides accurate
synchronization. ReWire-enabled applications detect each other automatically, so all you have to
do is route the audio exactly where you want it to go.
23-What is the rocket networks protocol and how does it work?
Rocket Networks is a Digi Design technology that enables the moving of media over the Web at
high speed. Rocket networks provides the means of a smooth, collaborative workflow between
Pro Tools systems over local area networks or the Internet and has tools for easy and secure
digital transfer of large media files of any type, including audio or video.
24-What are step sequencers?
Step sequencers are useful for looping
25-Why are step sequencers usually more suitable for percussion & drum parts?
Because looping is a big part of creating a drum beat.
26-Why are click tracks important functions in MIDI/Audio sequencers?
So that live music can be played along with a MIDI sequence.
27-Why do many sequencers metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks?
The MIDI Clock will do this
28-How is MIDI data such as modulation and pan usually displayed in part editors?
29-How many times is master clock transmitted per quarter note?
24
30-What are the functions of the master and slave in any synchronization situation?
Masters follow slaves. There can only be one master.
31-What timing division does SPP (song position pointers) work on?
16th note
32-What is MIDI Sync mode and what synchronization protocols does it accept?
System Common Data include synchronization messages used in MIDI sync mode
33-What is the primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock, and why is MTC
more accurate?
MTC is in real time (seconds, minutes, hours) and MIDI Clock is dependent on the tempo or
beats of a sequence. MTC is used in both directions (forward and reverse).
34-Define the basics of SMPTE?
SMPTE is a continuous flow of binary information that is generated at a constant speed,
representing real time, unaffected by tempo changes and is used to synchronize devices. So no
matter where you start on the tape, devices which are locked to SMPTE will jump to the correct
point in time.
35-What similarities are there between SMPTE and MTC?
Both SMPTE and MTC are written onto tape. MTC can be thought of as SMPTE Time Code in
MIDI form. Both represent real time in hours, minutes, seconds and frames.
36-How does FSK work?
FSK is only a tempo-relative sync signal, and gives no indication of location and can only be
used in conjunction with Midi Clock signals.
37-Does standard-FSK synchronization give any indication of song position?
No, That would be smart FSK which references the 16th notes.
38-What improvements does Smart-FSK offer over standard FSK?
Smart FSK can be used with Midi Sync. The tape machine is the master and the sequencer is the
slave. It can indicate a specific position in the song based on 16th notes.
39-If using FSK with analogue tape, why must the speed of the tape not change after recording
the FSK timing information?
The pitch of the FSK frequency tone will change.
40-What is the 'tempo master' and what is the 'transport master' within a MIDI synchronized
setup?
The computer is the tempo master because it sends out word clock signals to the tape machine,
but the tape machine is the transport master.
41-What problems may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece?
42-Name 2 different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces?
serial port MIDI interfaces connect to a serial port on the PC and parallel port MIDI interfaces
connect to the PC printer port.
43-Can tempo changes and time signature changes be made during a song within a sequencer?
yes
44-What considerations must be made when using a software sequencer as part of a live show?
The computer that you are using should be fast enough and have lots or RAM. A means of
monitoring the timing will be necessary, ex. the drummer with head phones. |
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Mon May 09, 2005 2:39 pm |
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chemira
Joined: 03 Jan 2005
Posts: 50
Location: Nova Scotia Canada Eh! |
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Sequencers this week:
01-What is a MIDI sequencer?
A MIDI sequencer records sends and stores MIDI messages. MIDI messages can be recorded real time or in steps, looped or copied and modified. The sequencer ensures the timing of the playback of the selected noted and their tone timbre and pitch.[1]
02-What are the advantages of hardware sequencers?
A hardware sequencer will be a portable, stand alone uit that will not require anything else to playback the sounds.
03-What are the advantages of software sequencers?
A software sequencer will have the ability or potential to also playback audio wave files and record audio files or tracks. The multitude screens and editing potential make the software sequencer very powerful. The cost of a software sequencer is very inexpensive compared to a hardware unit.
04-What is a piano roll editor?
The piano roll editor is a pictorial representation of a piano keyboard up the left hand side of the window and a graphical representation of the bars and beats within the bar along the top of the window. The main working portion of the window has the area where notes may be fixed regarding their time duration and pitch.
05-What is a 'drum map'?
A drum map is the assignment of an instrument to a key on the keyboard. This key will trigger the recording or playback of the instrument depending on weather playback mode or record is selected.
06-What is usually seen in the 'arrange' window?
The arrange window has a graphical representation of all of the MIDI message data related to note on/off of variables like pan volume set out in a pictorial mode.
07-What are Tempo/Meter maps?
A Tempo map allows the timing to speed up or slow down during certain segments of a song to create realistic feel.
08-What is the purpose of quantizing?
Quantizing lines up the notes to the closest timing specified in a preset selection.
09-What is Groove Quantizing and how does it work?
Groove quantizing allow the timing of certain instruments to slightly stray from rigid timing allowing for a more natural feel.
10-Explain Note On quantizing.
Note quantizing only quantizes the start of the note allowing the naturally played decay to stay the same. This really helps to clean up areas where the attack of the note is critical creating a tighter playback feel.
11-Explain Over Quantizing.
It is a more musically intelligent means of alignment of notes which keeps the attack and decay of chords together.
12-Explain Iterative Quantizing.
This moves the notes a specified value closer to the nearest on time note.
13-What do quantize values such as 4,32,16T etc represent?
Each number represents the number of beats in a bar that can be used as alignment points. The 4 is representative of a quarter note, 32 thirty second note and the 16T is a sixteenth note triplet.
14-What is the score editor and how does it display musical information?
The score editor transfers midi sequencing data and creates a musical chart for it. It utilizes all of the MIDI note messages concerning pitch duration, volume etc.
15-How, and using what protocol, may a Sequencer be synchronized to a multi-track recorder?
The Multi-track recorded must be first encoded with SMPTE time code and then the Sequencer will be connected to the Multi-track to follow the multi-tracks timing.
16-If you change the tempo of the song, what will happen to (a) the MIDI parts? (b) the Audio parts?
The Midi Instruments will change their tempo while the Audio will keep it’s original timing.
17-How does the application Recycle allow MIDI to control Audio parts?
Recycle analyses an imported audio track and sets markers and looks for splice points. Once this is done you will be able to loop and tempo change the loops in any arrangement. These loops can be controlled by midi or adjusted to tighten up the timing.
18-What is OMS?
Open Music system was originally developed by Opcode. This is and Industry standard for all Mac MIDI devices and is consider the global driver for MIDI. [2]
19-How does OMS simplify MIDI studio setups?
With all MIDI devices plugged in OMS will on startup go through an Installation wizard that will find all of the MIDI interfaces and connections. Then it will allow the access to these devices during sequencing programs.
20-What's the difference between type 0 & 1 MIDI sequences?
This is all I know.
Quote “There are 3 different "Types" (sometimes called "Formats") of MIDI files. A Type 0 file contains only one track, and all of the MIDI messages (ie, the entire performance) are placed in that one track, even if this represents many musical parts upon different MIDI channels. A Type 1 file separates each musical part upon its own track. Both Type 0 and 1 store one "song", "pattern", or musical performance. A Type 2 file, which is extremely rare, is akin to a collection of Type 0 files all crammed into one MIDI file. Type 2 is used to store a collection of songs or patterns, for example, numerous drum beats” Unquote [3]
21-Why are there 'virtual' MIDI ports available (i.e. Hubis Loopback)?
22-What is the 'rewire' protocol?
Rewire protocol allows two applications to work together like one program so the user can capitalize on the strengths of each program.
23-What is the rocket networks protocol and how does it work?
Rocket networks protocol is used to connect musicians via the internet to collaborate on musical projects.
24-What are step sequencers?
Step sequencers allow notes to be placed a note at a time without the part being played in real time. These step write sequencers are great for muti piece parts like drums.
25-Why are step sequencers usually more suitable for percussion & drum parts?
Step write sequencers allow the user to add layers of parts that with typical triggers and pads would be impossible to do in real time.
26-Why are click tracks important functions in MIDI/Audio sequencers?
A click track will allow the monitoring of th actual tempo and the first layers of music are added. They can also be the reference for complicated parts so other tracks can be muted to reduce distraction but the tempo will still be present.
27-Why do many sequencers metronomes allow either Audio or MIDI clicks?
28-How is MIDI data such as modulation and pan usually displayed in part editors?
A number value is assigned in a labeled block using a number from 0 to 127.
29-How many times is master clock transmitted per quarter note?
The Total number of ticks per bar is 96 so then a quarter note will be 24.
30-What are the functions of the master and slave in any synchronisation situation?
The Master is the reference that all other devices will follow. It transmits word clock while the slave receives it and adjusts is place to fit the timing.
31-What timing division does SPP (song position pointers) work on?
Song Position pointers are fixed on the 16th note within each bar.
32-What is MIDI Sync mode and what synchronisation protocols does it accept?
MIDI Synch is the timing connection between MIDI devices namely a master reference clock that transmits either MTC or MIDI Clock to the slave devices. The slave devices follow the timing instructions of the master, ignoring their internal clocks timing signal.
33-What is the primary difference between MIDI Time Code and MIDI Clock, and why is MTC more accurate?
MIDI Time code is referenced to a time and place in a song where as the MIDI clock uses a time of day reference to create its clock. The MTC will be able to establish the exact timing position that each device should be at four times per bar. This ensures that the devices are kept within a fairly close timing synchronization tolerance.
34-Define the basics of SMPTE?
SMPTE defined as a time code for the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers that uses time of day broken down into hours minutes and seconds or video frames. This allows the synchronization of audio and video devices along with MIDI devices. The time code is stated in hh:mm:ss:ff standing for hours minutes seconds and frames.
35-What similiarities are there between SMPTE and MTC?
MTC is a time code based on and converted to SMPTE. They both use SMPTE as their standards of time placement for synchronization.
36-How does FSK work?
FSK uses a pulsed signal of tones to create a tempo. This is done by a series of bursts at 1kHz and 2 kHz recorded to tape to create the tempo pulse. This tempo can be followed by a drum machine or any other device that receives FSK.
37-Does standard-FSK synchronisation give any indication of song position?
No Standard FSK does not give a song position indication.
38-What improvements does Smart-FSK offer over standard FSK?
Smart FSK added the feature of being able to locate SPP’s in MIDI thereby being able to be linked up to a MIDI device but with some limitations Quote “Smart FSK may be used in exactly the same way as basic FSK, the difference being that you can start the tape anywhere in the song and you'll be sync'ed and running within a second or two” Unquote. [4]
39-If using FSK with analogue tape, why must the speed of the tape not change after recording the FSK timing information?
The speed must be the same as the recorded speed because the pulsed tones will not be recognized by the receiving FSK device therefore poor or no link will be possible.
40-What is the 'tempo master' and what is the 'transport master' within a MIDI synchronised setup?
The Tempo Master is anything that will send out MTC to other devices for synchronization. Usyually it will be a computer or sequencer. The Transport Master will be the tape deck controlling play, record , rewind fast forward and stop.
41-What problems may arise from extensive use of controller data within a MIDI piece?
Latency may occur or notes may not sound or will sound without other midi commands for aftertouch.
42-Name 2 different connection protocols for MIDI interfaces?
A 5 pin DIN connector or via USB are 2 different protocols for MIDI interfaces. [5]
43-Can tempo changes and time signature changes be made during a song within a sequencer?
All tempo changes made within a sequencer made to MIDI data events to the note events within the bars that are effected or the whole piece will increase or decrease without any adverse effect to the piece.
44-What considerations must be made when using a software sequencer as part of a live show?
The software sequencer will need to be stable enough and robust enough to control all other MIDI or time controlled devices such as a drum machine. The Computer must have a means of controlling any and all other devices with a means of some word clock or Synch. If you can’t play live your dead, just my 2 cents.
[1] http://www.students.sonoma.edu/users/w/walz/midiinfo.htm#sequence
[2] http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/Aug02/articles/omsworkshop.asp
[3] http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tutr/midiform.htm
http://www.borg.com/~jglatt/tech/mtc.htm
[4] http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1995_articles/may95/homestudio3.html |
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Tue May 10, 2005 10:32 am |
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