ben m
Joined: 15 Sep 2002
Posts: 337
Location: UK |
| Week 7 -Sampling 2 |
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01 - Would individual percussion samples be assigned to one key or to a keyzone typically?
02 - What is the importance of setting a root note with a sampler?
03 - Why were samplers so important in the dance music explosion of the late 80s/early 90s
04 - Why could the sampler be described as a post-modern instrument?
05 - How could a DJ implement a sampler into a live set?
06 - What is the most common RAM type used by samplers?
07 - Why is the Gigasampler piano patch so large in terms of MBs?
08 - Why do certain artists such as Fatboy Slim use older 12-bit samplers?
09 - Do any samplers offer solid state storage rather than traditional RAM based storage?
10 - What format are samples saved in on hardware samplers?
11- What instruments may benfefit from velocity sensitive samples?
12 - Apart from High-Hats, what other samples may benefit from Mute-Groups?
13 - Will hardware samplers always have a studio niche? Why or Why not?
14 - What editing facilties will a typical hardware sampler offer?
15 - What is a fundamental legal issue associated with sampling?
16 - What effect on the timing of a sample will be caused by playing it an octave higher than the original sampled material?
17 - Name 2 ways that a sample could be reduced in size to save storage space?
18 - What are the benefits of multisamples? What are the drawbacks?
19 - Why may some samples not want to be 'tracked'?
20 - What is a 'one shot' sample? What instruments may benefit from this kind of sample definition?
21 - Name one pitch related problem that may occur when sampling from vinyl?
22 - What is the importance of setting the 'root' note for a keyzone?
23 - How are the at; length; and time functions defined in terms of setting a loop on a sampler ?
24 - What is the major problem that you are likely to encounter when making loops?
25 - Imagine a manufacturer has just introduced a new top-of-the-range sampler. What would be the practical benefits of the following features, compared with previous models?
a)More voices
b)More keygroups per program
c)More outputs
d)More RAM
26 - When looping a sample of a single note, what characteristics in the waveform are desirable at the start and end point of the loop?
27 - You have recorded a two-bar segment of drums. Is it better to loop the sample in the sampler, or to get a sequencer to repeatedly trigger the sample?
28 - Why would you sample several notes of different pitches from an instrument?
29 - What would you be intending to do if you sampled the same note at different volumes? |
Tue Oct 11, 2005 4:41 am |
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tobyh1000
Joined: 10 Jul 2005
Posts: 13
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| sampling 2 |
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Sampling 2 – Week 7
01 - Would individual percussion samples be assigned to one key or to a keyzone typically?
Individual samples would be assigned to one key typically.
02 - What is the importance of setting a root note with a sampler?
Setting the root note is important as it sets the original pitch of the instrument sample. More notes can be made by altering the pitch of the root note.
03 - Why were samplers so important in the dance music explosion of the late 80s/early 90s
Samplers were important because they allowed the repetition of drum, vocal and other instrument loops. Which made up the basis of a lot of the dance music at that time.
04 - Why could the sampler be described as a post-modern instrument?
A sampler could be described as a post-modern instrument because it allows the ability to use samples from older types of music to be incorporated in with modern rhythm thus producing a mix of music generations.
05 - How could a DJ implement a sampler into a live set?
A DJ could implement a sampler into a live set by pre-loading specific samples from the sampler into a keyboard then adding the samples into the DJ’s mix set whenever wanted by simply pressing the key on a keyboard.
06 - What is the most common RAM type used by samplers?
The most common RAM type used by samplers is the 72 pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) type.
07 - Why is the Gigasampler piano patch so large in terms of MBs?
More notes need to be sampled as the one keyzone would not be enough to incorporate all the available notes, because a note from a piano can only be altered in pitch slightly by a sampler to keep the authentic piano sound without sounding ‘stretched’. So the Gigasampler piano patch would be so large in terms of MBs as the more keyzones needed, the more memory space required.
08 - Why do certain artists such as Fatboy Slim use older 12-bit samplers?
Fatboy Slim uses older 12-bit samplers to achieve the ‘grainy’ lo-fi sound when incorporating vocal samples from old records. Using these lower quality samples Fatboy Slim has created his own unique style.
09 - Do any samplers offer solid state storage rather than traditional RAM based storage?
Yes, some samplers do offer solid state storage; i.e. the allowed use of storage on smart media cards.
10 - What format are samples saved in on hardware samplers?
Samples are saved in the .wav or .aiff file format on hardware samplers.
11 -What instruments may benefit from velocity sensitive samples?
Instruments that may benefit from velocity sensitive samples would include – pianos, guitars and drums. Basically any instruments that are capable of different types of attack when played.
12 - Apart from High-Hats, what other samples may benefit from Mute-Groups?
Other samples, apart from hi-hats, that may benefit from mute groups would include – violins and guitars. It is not possible to play more than one note off the same string.
13 - Will hardware samplers always have a studio niche? Why or Why not?
I think that the more time goes on, the more capable, impressive software based samplers are being created and improved. With sample sounds getting better all the time I personally believe the only downside is cost. However, many people prefer the hands-on approach, being able to actually touch and use sliders, buttons and knobs. In the future the hardware samplers, I feel will become cheaper and therefore still used by many studios. So hardware samplers will probably always have a studio niche in some studios, but perhaps less so in the future.
14 - What editing facilities will a typical hardware sampler offer?
The editing facilities a typical hardware sampler will offer are as follows; Cut, copy, paste, volume control, time stretch, reverse, normalize, pitch change, EQ filtering and looping.
15 - What is a fundamental legal issue associated with sampling?
A fundamental legal issue associated with sampling is that most samples taken from tracks are copyrighted, and are illegal to use without permission from the copyright owner.
16 - What effect on the timing of a sample will be caused by playing it an octave higher than the original sampled material?
The effect on the timing of the sample when played an octave higher will double the speed of the sample, which will also create a higher pitch.
17 - Name 2 ways that a sample could be reduced in size to save storage space?
Two ways sample size can be reduced are; – reduce the recording quality from stereo to mono and or reducing the sample rate.
18 - What are the benefits of multisamples? What are the drawbacks?
Benefits of multisamples – provides excellent translation samples of the original instrument over a range of different pitches.
Drawbacks of multisamples – requires lots of storage space to hold all different pitch values of instrument samples.
19 - Why may some samples not want to be 'tracked'?
Rhythm and drum samples do not need to be tracked as their pitch does not alter and therefore pitch tracking does not need monitoring.
20 - What is a 'one shot' sample? What instruments may benefit from this kind of sample definition?
A ‘one shot’ sample is a sample, which will play completely regardless of the effects applied or how long the key is pressed. The instruments that may benefit from this are percussion based ones such as, drums, cymbals etc.
21 - Name one pitch related problem that may occur when sampling from vinyl?
A pitch related problem when sampling from vinyl could be speed the vinyl player plays back at – maybe not fully correct so resulting in varying pitch from the original recording, also if the vinyl is warped the pitch will meander throughout the song.
22 - What is the importance of setting the 'root' note for a keyzone?
The root note is where the rest of the keyzone is formulated from; it is essential as all the other pitches are worked out from it.
23 - How are the at; length; and time functions defined in terms of setting a loop on a sampler?
The At is defined as the beginning of the sample loop, the length function is defined as the entire length of the sample loop and the time function is defined as the amount of times the sample loop repeats.
24 - What is the major problem that you are likely to encounter when making loops?
The major problem when making loops is ensuring that it runs seamlessly and that it has the correct tempo and phase to avoid glitches.
25 - Imagine a manufacturer has just introduced a new top-of-the-range sampler. What would be the practical benefits of the following features, compared with previous models?
a)More voices
The more voices the greater polyphony allowed so more samples can play simultaneously.
b)More keygroups per program
The more keygroups the more samples created for different pitches through multisampling allowing for a more authentic reproduction of the multisampled instrument.
c)More outputs
The more outputs the more samples can be sent to output mixers to allow greater mix and effect options for each sample.
d)More RAM
The more RAM the more samples can be stored, created and operated.
26 - When looping a sample of a single note, what characteristics in the waveform are desirable at the start and end point of the loop?
The waveform should be looped at a zero crossing point at the start and end point of the loop to avoid glitches in the sound quality. Also ensuring the waveform is equal and in phase.
27 - You have recorded a two-bar segment of drums. Is it better to loop the sample in the sampler, or to get a sequencer to repeatedly trigger the sample?
It is better to get a sequencer to repeatedly trigger the sample as timing is essential with the drums and if looped it could eventually go out of sync with the sequencer. With the sequencer repeatedly triggering the sample this will not happen.
28 - Why would you sample several notes of different pitches from an instrument?
You would sample several notes of different pitches from an instrument to allow more realistic reproduction. If for example the only reference was the root note and you wished to play a note 2 or 3 octaves up in pitch, the sound would be stretched and unrealistic. The more reference points the better.
29 - What would you be intending to do if you sampled the same note at different volumes?
If you sampled the same note at different volumes you could be intending to map out different velocities of a particular note on a particular instrument so to create a more realistic translation; by pressing the key harder, achieving a louder sound. |
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Sat Oct 15, 2005 9:10 am |
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AndyBarber
Joined: 09 Sep 2005
Posts: 18
Location: North Wales |
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Posted: Tue Oct 11, 2005 2:41 pm Post subject: Week 7 -Sampling 2
Andy Barber
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01 - Would individual percussion samples be assigned to one key or to a keyzone typically?
Generally percussion samples are assigned to only one key in the sampler. If sample is mapped across a keyzone the sample would be time stretched resulting in sounds much different to the original.
02 - What is the importance of setting a root note with a sampler?
A root note is a reference point for a sample and defines how much a sample is stretched. With sample situated above the root note it would be shortened (higher pitch) and if below it would be elongated (lower pitch).
03 - Why were samplers so important in the dance music explosion of the late 80s/early 90s
They allowed producers to incorporate any recorded sound into their music. Initially designed to play back sampled notes of an instrument. Early samplers only had a short sample time, but it was long enough to play back percussive sounds and loops essential to dance music.
04 - Why could the sampler be described as a post-modern instrument?
It has taken many years for most musical instruments to evolve into what we have today.
The sampler is a relatively brand new instrument. With a MIDI controller the sampler acts as a modern instrument in its own right and can play back virtually any sound you can imagine.
05 - How could a DJ implement a sampler into a live set?
Before samplers there were 4 ways to provide beats;
Drummer, Beat box, cutting breaks of records, human beat box
Samplers can be used to loop beats (or any noises) over the top and mixing with recordings being played. A Beat counter or Tap Tempo is required to keep the records and sampler in sync.
06 - What is the most common RAM type used by samplers?
72pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) is most common
Others include, Flash RAM (non-volatile and writable memory type, allows instant access to any user defined sound complement) and EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory )
07 - Why is the Gigasampler piano patch so large in terms of MBs?
Giga samplers use high quality sounds libraries. Gigasamplers rely on multi-sampling. Many samples must be taken (varying in pitch and volume) to supply a complete set of samples of an instrument across the keyboard. Giga sampler run straight off the hard drive so large sample files can be used. Results in a MIDI driven piano.
08 - Why do certain artists such as Fatboy Slim use older 12-bit samplers?
Number of bits determines the resolution of the ‘image’ being represented
12 bits of data are used to represent every sample of an incoming audio signal
This results in a warmer, grittier, lo-fi analogue feel to the sound.
09 - Do any samplers offer solid state storage rather than traditional RAM based storage?
Solid state storage is a non-volatile, removable storage medium. It implements integrated circuits rather than magnetic or optical media. Contains no mechanical parts, everything done electrically. Makes data transfer much quicker than with conventional HDs. Lags in storage capacity. Some samplers do support solid state, usually Flash memory USB devices
RAM is dynamic and loses its contents on power down. Samples saved to storage device before turned off. Flash RAM, remains contents even when power is off.
10 - What format are samples saved in on hardware samplers?
The two common formats are *.wav and *.aiff
11- What instruments may benefit from velocity sensitive samples?
Instruments with varying attack characteristics would benefit from velocity sensitive samples.
(ie. Drums, Guitar)
12 - Apart from High-Hats, what other samples may benefit from Mute-Groups?
In a mute group playing one sample will cut off another. Tabla and strings work well assigned to mute groups.
13 - Will hardware samplers always have a studio niche? Why or Why not?
Samplers will always be needed in a studio. Hardware samplers are being slowly driven out by software samplers running on a computer DAWs.
14 - What editing facilities will a typical hardware sampler offer?
Simple user interface screen
Instrument editor, lets you assign, edit and map samples across keyboard (audition, import and assign sound files)
Looping modes, reverse, one shot, looping while holding
Looping points (start and end positions of sample) and sample stretching
Filters, resonance and overdrive
ADSR envelope generators modulate filter and amplifier sections
Some may have normalising and EQ available.
15 - What is a fundamental legal issue associated with sampling?
If you sample someone’s song without permission, it is an instant copyright violation. To use a sample legally you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. A fee may have to be paid to use the sample. This varies dramatically, depending on what your sampling and it’s length
16 - What effect on the timing of a sample will be caused by playing it an octave higher than the original sampled material?
The sample will be played back at a faster rate and higher pitch. Playing a sample an octave higher will half its sample time and double its pitch.
17 - Name 2 ways that a sample could be reduced in size to save storage space?
Record sample in mono and reduce its sample rate. Higher quality recordings increase file size and need more RAM to run.
18 - What are the benefits of multisamples? What are the drawbacks?
Allows any instrument to be played back by MIDI in a virtual production environment at any pitch. However the technique does required a lot of memory (storage space) to run the simulation.
19 - Why may some samples not want to be 'tracked'?
Drum samples wouldn’t need to be tracked as they don’t change in pitch
20 - What is a 'one shot' sample? What instruments may benefit from this kind of sample definition?
A one shot samples is one that plays fully once, when its key is pressed. Good for percussive instruments
21 - Name one pitch related problem that may occur when sampling from vinyl?
Tempo required for a vinyl sample may not give the correct pitch of the song
22 - What is the importance of setting the 'root' note for a keyzone?
The root note defines where and how the scale of the keyzone plays
23 - How are the at; length; and time functions defined in terms of setting a loop on a sampler ?
‘At’ defines the start of a loop, ‘length’ defines the total length of a sample with ‘time function’ defining the amount of times the sample is played/looped.
24 - What is the major problem that you are likely to encounter when making loops?
Getting the start and end points of a loop to match in level, tempo and phase with both at the zero crossing point. Failure to do so can lead to popping and clicking noises.
25 - Imagine a manufacturer has just introduced a new top-of-the-range sampler. What would be the practical benefits of the following features, compared with previous models?
a)More voices - more samples can be played simultaneously by the sampler (increased polyphony)
b)More keygroups per program - more multisampled instruments can be loaded and used at the same time
c)More outputs - more separate samples can be processed with effects on their own
d)More RAM - more sounds can be held in memory and can have a longer sample time/length
26 - When looping a sample of a single note, what characteristics in the waveform are desirable at the start and end point of the loop?
The loudness of the waveform at start and end of loop should be the same again with both at the zero crossing point.
27 - You have recorded a two-bar segment of drums. Is it better to loop the sample in the sampler, or to get a sequencer to repeatedly trigger the sample?
Looping the sample in the sampler will give more flexibility to when and how long the sample is played. However the sampler must re-trigger the sample every two bars so ensure sample loop doesn’t meander off beat.
28 - Why would you sample several notes of different pitches from an instrument?
With various samples of an instrument at different pitches a multisampled keyzone can be created. The more samples taken, the more accurate the playback of the instrument.
29 - What would you be intending to do if you sampled the same note at different volumes?
This would allow for velocity sensitive mapping. The harder you hit the keyboard the louder the sample at that pitch. This creates a more realistic feel when playing back instrument.
http://members.aol.com/uniquenyc/key20.htm
http://www.rapcoalition.org/being_a_dj.htm
http://www.prorec.com/prorec/articles.nsf/articles/D5B128ADC33D54098625687B002A6E27
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jun01/articles/catchphrase3.asp
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan99/articles/creatsamp.743.htm
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/oct99/articles/samplers.htm
http://akaiscsifaq.digidude.net/akaifaq_sampler_memory.htm
http://remixmag.com/mag/remix_samplers_today/ |
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Sat Oct 15, 2005 7:34 pm |
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Polarman
Joined: 24 Jun 2005
Posts: 55
Location: Barbados |
| Sampling 2 |
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01 - Would individual percussion samples be assigned to one key or to a keyzone typically?
Individual percussion samples would normally be assigned to a key. Percussion samples are not normally pitched.
02 - What is the importance of setting a root note with a sampler?
The root key is the reference note which is the pitch that the original sound was sampled in. For example, if an A is sampled from a guitar it is good to set the root key to A. In this way there is a possibility to slightly tune the original pitch so its tuned to the rest of the sounds.
03 - Why were samplers so important in the dance music explosion of the late 80s/early 90s?
Samplers were used a lot in the late 80s/early 90s to create sampled repetitive beats.
04 - Why could the sampler be described as a post-modern instrument?
The sampler could be described as a post-modern instrument since it makes it possible to blend different styles of instruments and different beats. There are no limits or rules to consider. It’s possible to make music from almost anything, snippets of other recordings, spoken voices, noises etc. The sampler can also be viewed as a post-modern instrument since the line between the composer and the organizer is greyed out. Who is the actual composer? Who is responsible for the work?
The origins of this thinking came from Edgard Varese who thought about his music as organized sound. As with Post-modern philosophy, post-modern music questioned whether the hierarchy of "high" and "low" culture was correct or appropriate. Music from different times and eras could be mixed together. Frank Zappa coined a term for taking different bits an pieces from different performances to xenochrony.
05 - How could a DJ implement a sampler into a live set?
A DJ can use a sampler to mix beats or other sounds into the music played.
06 - What is the most common RAM type used by samplers?
72 pin SIMM RAM but some use SDRAM fro example Akai Z-Sampler, Roland MC-909 etc.
07 - Why is the Gigasampler piano patch so large in terms of MBs?
A true natural Steinway has been sampled with many levels of velocity and no notes are pitched up or down. In other words, each tone is the natural original sample. That creates a huge piano patch.
08 - Why do certain artists such as Fatboy Slim use older 12-bit samplers?
12-bit samples has a specific underground cheap sound to them.
09 - Do any samplers offer solid state storage rather than traditional RAM based storage?
Some samplers use Compact Flash cards or Smart Media cards.
10 - What format are samples saved in on hardware samplers?
There are many different formats. Each brand normally has its own format. Some examples:
Wav, Soundfont, AKAI, Ensoniq EPS/ASR, SampleCell I and II, AIFF, SD2, Kurzweil formats (The file format uses the .krz, .k25, and .k26 extensions.) etc.
11- What instruments may benefit from velocity sensitive samples?
Any instrument that sounds different with different attacks. Like piano, drums, percussion, in short all sampled instruments that tries to recreate a natural instrument.
12 - Apart from High-Hats, what other samples may benefit from Mute-Groups?
All instruments which have sounds that will mute the other sound or a sound that automatically mutes another sound. Examples: Picking on a guitar, slap bass a string can not be open and muted at the same time. Different percussion instruments like congas, bongos, tables etc.
13 - Will hardware samplers always have a studio niche? Why or Why not?
Hardware samplers will probably disappear all together. The software samplers will probably be the new standard even in studios. The solution with software samplers being able to handle huge sample patches with reading direct from disk makes the hardware samplers an old technology with its expensive RAM solutions. It’s even hard to find any new hardware coming out these days.
14 - What editing facilties will a typical hardware sampler offer?
A typical hardware sampler offers: Looping, filtering, cross fading, pitch shifting, time compression/expansion, amplitude modulation, playing back sound in reverse.
15 - What is a fundamental legal issue associated with sampling?
To use sampled material legally you have to ask for permission from the copyright holder to use it. There is also a moral issue if you have sampled somebody. Its good to ask for permission before using any material.
16 - What effect on the timing of a sample will be caused by playing it an octave higher than the original sampled material?
Playing a sample an octave higher than the original sampled material will make the sample play back twice the speed.
17 - Name 2 ways that a sample could be reduced in size to save storage space?
a) Lowering the sample rate or bit resolution
b) Sampling in mono
18 - What are the benefits of multisamples? What are the drawbacks?
The benefits with multisamples are that the original source is better recreated since its not necessary to pitch the sound over the key zone. The draw backs are big files, the memory needed and the amount of time it takes to multisample an instrument
19 - Why may some samples not want to be 'tracked'?
There are instruments that work according to one pitch, especially drums and percussion.
When you play back a sample at a higher pitch, the whole harmonic structure of the sound is moved up. This means that the highest sound in one keygroup will sound brighter than the lowest note in the next keygroup up. If the keygroups are narrow this effect will not be noticed so much, but if you're using only one or two keygroups per octave you need to use the tracking filters set up with a negative value, so that as you move up a keygroup, the top end is tamed slightly. Some samplers allow you to crossfade from one keygroup to another, but this reduces polyphony and may produce unnatural chorus effects on solo instruments.
20 - What is a 'one shot' sample? What instruments may benefit from this kind of sample definition?
There are two main trigger modes for samplers: 'one-shot' trigger mode, where the sample always plays to the end, regardless of whether or not the key that has triggered it remains held down, and the more conventional 're-trigger' mode, whereby the sample goes into its release phase as soon as the key is released. One-shot mode is useful for triggering drum loops and for individual drum sounds, whereas re-triggering is mainly used for conventional instrument sounds.
21 - Name one pitch related problem that may occur when sampling from vinyl?
When sampling from vinyl the play back of the vinyl can be varying in speed and pitch caused by problems with the motor or the belt.
22 - What is the importance of setting the 'root' note for a keyzone?
The root key is the reference note which is the pitch that the original sound was sampled in. For example, if you sample an A from a guitar it is good to set the root key to A. In this way there is a possibility to slightly tune the original pitch so its tuned to the rest of your sounds. If the root key is wrong in a keyzone the rest of the sounds in the keyzone will be played back with wrong pitch.
23 - How are the at; length; and time functions defined in terms of setting a loop on a sampler?
I can’t find anything on the internet about this…but as far as I remember….
- AT sets the start point of the loop
- Length defines the duration of the loop
- Time defines the number of repetitions of the loop.
24 - What is the major problem that you are likely to encounter when making loops?
The major problem when making loops is that you get clicks between the end and the beginning of the loop caused by different amplitude and/or phase (slope).
25 - Imagine a manufacturer has just introduced a new top-of-the-range sampler. What would be the practical benefits of the following features, compared with previous models?
a)More voices
More voices means that more notes can be played at the same time. This could mean ability to use more instruments in a MIDI setup.
b)More keygroups per program
More keygroups means the possibility to expand multisampling allowing more samples to represent an instrument.
c)More outputs
More outputs means that its possible to send more instruments individually to a mixer or a multitrack. This allows to add individual effects to the different sounds.
d)More RAM
More RAM means that the sampler can hold bigger sampled instruments into its memory.
26 - When looping a sample of a single note, what characteristics in the waveform are desirable at the start and end point of the loop?
The beginning and the end of the loop should have the same amplitude and phase (slope).
27 - You have recorded a two-bar segment of drums. Is it better to loop the sample in the sampler, or to get a sequencer to repeatedly trigger the sample?
When looping a two–bar segment of drums its better to use a sequencer to loop the sample in this way the loop will be re-triggered every two bars. In this way timing problems that probably would occur if using the sampler to loop is avoided.
28 - Why would you sample several notes of different pitches from an instrument?
The reason the sample several notes from a instruments is to be able to use multisampling and in this way get a more accurate recreation of the natural sound.
29 - What would you be intending to do if you sampled the same note at different volumes?
If the same note is sampled at different volumes the intention is to create velocity maps to get a more accurate recreation of the natural instrument when played in different levels.
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SOURCES:
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/jan96/samplebasics1.html
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1997_articles/sep97/samplebasics.html
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/jan96/samplebasics1.html
http://www.concertpitchpiano.com/DigitalVsAcoustic.html
http://www.harmony-central.com/Effects/Articles/Chorus/
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may01/articles/catchphrase2.asp
http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/1996_articles/mar96/samplingbasics3.html
http://zonicweb.net/music/musictechnologydictionary2.htm#twenty
http://www.akaipro.com/productsMPC4000.html
http://www.emu.com/support/compatibility/ESI4000/ESI4000_ram.asp
http://www.etcetera.co.uk/Support/cakewalk/twv_desktop_music_handbook_midi.shtml
http://www.chickensys.com/translator/documentation.html |
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Sat Oct 15, 2005 11:34 pm |
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